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The history of stock market trading in the United States can be traced back to over 200 years ago. Historically, the colonial government decided to finance the war by selling bonds, government notes promising to pay out at profit at a later date. Around the same time private banks began to raise money by issuing stocks, or shares of the company to raise their own money. This was a new market, and a new form of investing money, and a great scheme for the rich to get richer. A little further on the history timeline, more specifically in 1792, a meeting of twenty four large merchants resulted into a creation of a market known as the New York Stock Exchange(NYSE). At the meeting, the merchants agreed to meet daily on Wall Street to daily trade stocks and bonds.
Further in history, in the mid-1800s, United States was experiencing rapid growth. Companies needed funds to assist in expansion required to meet the new demand. Companies also realized that investors would be interested in buying stock, partial ownership in the company. History has shown that stocks have facilitated the expansion of the companies and the great potential of the recently founded stock market was becoming increasingly apparent to both the investors and the companies.
By 1900, millions of dollars worth of stocks were traded on the street market. In 1921, after twenty years of street trading, the stock market moved indoors.
History brought us the Industrial Revolution, which also played a role in changing the face of the stock market. New form of investing began to emerge when people started to realize that profits could be made by re-selling the stock to others who saw value in a company. This was the beginning of the secondary market, known also as the speculators market. This market was more volatile than before, because it was now fueled by highly subjective speculation about the company’s future.
This was the pretext for appearance of such stock market giants as NYSE. History books tell us that the reason the NYSE is so highly regarded among stock markets was primarily because they only trade in the very large and well-established companies. It acted as a more stable investment alternative, for people interested in throwing their capital into the stock market arena. The smaller companies making up the stock market formed into what eventually became the American Stock Exchange (AMEX). Contrary to its 80-year old history, today the NYSE, AMEX, NASDAQ and hundreds of other exchange markets make a significant contribution to the national and global economy.
The growth in the number of market participants led the government to decide that more regulation of the stock market was needed to protect those investing in stock. History was made in 1934, when following the Great Crash, Congress passed the Securities and Exchange Act. This act formed the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), which, through the rules set out by the act and succeeding amendments, regulates American stock market trading with the help of the exchanges. It also includes overseeing the requirements for a company to issue stock shares to the public and ensures that the company offers relevant information to potential investors. The SEC also oversees the daily actions of market exchanges and how they trade the securities offered.
Although historically, investing in stocks was a “hobby” for the rich, an average person too soon came to realize the value of the investing in stocks vs. traditional assets like land or a house.
What are FIVE strategies or techniques used for buying profitable stocks (“Playing the Market”) ?
1. INVEST [“_________________________”]
• Purchase stocks of companies with strong “fundamentals”
• Invest in _______________ with a long history of impressive stock performance
• Harvard Business School advises to invest in 5-7 solid companies and not to sell for twenty or more years
• S & P 500 has returned an average return of 10% over the past seventy years
2. ____________________________________________
• Do you see products/services being consumed by friends, family, people of certain companies ? New companies ?
• Stories: Tommy Hilfiger, Starbucks, AOL, Ugg Boots, Cheesecake Factory
3. _____________________________
Use charts, graphs, research, and statistics to judge when a stock will make a move up or down (*see handout)
4. _______________________________________
Purchase stocks of companies that pay a dividend or profit every three months (ranges 1%-15%)
5. _______________________________
• “Buy & Sell” method of profiting from the stock market
• Searching for higher risk, but more growth potential companies
* What is Day Trading ?
What is a stock?
A stock represent a share in the ownership of a company. If you own a company's stock, then you are a owner, or shareholder, of the company. A stock represents a claim on the company's assets and profits. A stock is also known as equity.
The ownership percent, of a company that you own is calculated by dividing the number of shares a person owns buy the number of shares of stock outstanding. For example:1000 shares owned10,000 shares outstanding= 10% ownership.
Ownership of stock is represented by a stock certificate. A stock certificate represents your ownership of the company. These days, when you buy stock of a company, you usually do not get the actual stock certificates any more. Instead, your ownership is tracked electronically, making it easier to buy and sell shares.So, now that you have stock and ownership of a company, what can you do? Not really very much. You will benefit when the price of the stock goes up, or lose if the price goes down. As an part-owner of the company, you are given the right to vote for company's board of directors. Another way you may benefit is if the company pays dividends. Dividends represent a percent of the company's profit, paid to the shareholders.Buying stock can be risky, since while the price of the stock may go up, it may also go down. If the company goes bankrupt, then you could potentially lose all the money you invested in the stock. However, that is what investing is all about. Taking risks, in the hope of making money on your investment, with no guarantee that you will make money.
Before investing in stocks, you will need to understand some basic tools. One tool is the stock market table.
The stock market tables give you basic information and price history for stocks. You can use it to see how stocks you own or are interested in owning are performing, how their prices are changing, and how they have performed in the past. Reading a stock market table is simple once you understand how to do it.
Here is a sample line from a stock market table for the stock of General Electric:
Ticker
Company Name
Sales
100s
Hi
Low
Last
Change
GE
General Electric Co
6567
26.86
24.64
25.73
-2.40
<1>
Stock ticker symbol
This is the company stock symbol, and it represents the company's stock. Often, the stock symbol is similar to the company's name.
<2>
Company Name
This is the name of the stock.
<3>
Sales 100s
The number of shares that traded the last day this stock traded. The number is given in hundreds, so you need to add 2 zeros to the number to get the actual number of shares traded.
<4>
Hi
The stock's highest price the last day this stock traded.
<5>
Low
The stock's lowest price the last day this stock traded.
<6>
Last
The stock's last traded price. Also sometimes called closing price.
<7>
Change
The amount of change of the stock's closing price and the prior trading day's closing price (2 trading days ago). A "-" represents a negative change.
You may find stock market tables in many different places. One place to look in the financial section or your local newspaper, or in a financial publication such as the Wall Street Journal.
THE HARRIS 21
Stock Terms To Know
IPO/ ”Go Public” –
Dividend-
Common Stock-
Preferred Stock-
Capital Gain-
Bond-
Bull vs. Bear-
Volume-
PE Ratio-
Short Selling-
Dow 30 (DJIA)-
S&P 500
Insider Trading (SEC)-
Old Economy vs. New Economy-
Blue Chips-
Spread (“Bid”/”Ask”) -
Securities and Exchange Commission
New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)
American Stock Exchange (AMEX)
NASDAQ
Economics/ Mr. Harris Stock Market Investment Project
$100,000
STOCK MARKET CHALLENGE
Congratulations!
You have been left $100,000 by your long, long, long, long, long, long lost Uncle Chester, who unfortunately recently passed away. However, it seems that Uncle Chester left several stipulations for you to be able to inherit this money.
The regulations are as follows:
-You must invest the entire gift in the stock market
-You must purchase at least 5 different stocks, but not more than 7
-YOU MUST INVEST AT LEAST 15% OF THE MONEY IN EACH STOCK OWNED
-You must purchase the stock on _____________________
-You must sell (liquidate the account) on __________________
-You must keep a weekly account for all the activities of the stock (Friday’s closing price)
-You may “play” the market by buying or selling your stocks. However, you must always maintain a 5 stock minimum and always have your $100,000 fully invested.
-In addition, there is a $100 transaction fee for every stock trade made after your first five!
-Any stock trades (buys or sells) made after the original purchase day must be immediately handed in to Mr. Harris (on the day of the purchase) and signed.
-When you buy you will use the day’s high as the purchase price
-When you sell you will use the day’s low for the selling price
Stipulations for the Project
-You must present your findings to Mr. Harris, the lawyer who is handling the will of your Uncle Chester, on or around April 30th.
-You are only entitled to your inheritance if you turn in the project/complete the stock portfolio presentation
NO LATE REPORTS OR PRESENTATIONS WILL BE ACCEPTED!
Your Project must contain the following elements:
1) An Initial Investment Statement
2) The Tracking Log
3) The Tracking Graph
4) The Final Report – Including the GAIN/LOSS Statement
5) A TYPED Business Letter which summarizes the account’s activity
6) Presentation of findings to Mr. Harris (and the class)
- Visual Aids (Graphs, Charts, etc. on poster/PowerPoint presentation)
- Proper Stock Vocabulary/Lingo – Name Your Portfolio
- Proper Attire (Business Suits)/Vocal Tone/Eye Contact
- Reasons for stock purchases/History of each company
1) The Initial Investment Statement
[10 Points]
(Must follow this format)
Purchase
Date
Stock Name
Stock Symbol
Share Price
PE Ratio
# of Shares Bought
Total Cost
$$$$
Reason Purchased
Industry
of the
stock
52 Week
High/
Low
Price
Market Cap. of
the
stock
CASH RESERVES = $ ______________
($100,000 minus total of “Total Cost” Column)
*** YOU MUST MAKE A COPY OF THIS SHEET AFTER FILLING IT OUT FOR YOUR RECORDS ***
[You will hand one in to Mr. Harris, and keep one for yourself] SAMPLE STOCK PORTFOLIO:
THE HARRIS FUND
Purchase
Date
Stock Name
Stock Symbol
Share Price
PE Ratio
# of Shares Bought
Total Cost
$$$$
Reason Purchased
Industry of the stock
52 Week High/ Low Price
Market Capital.
of the
Stock
September
1, 2000
Citi-group
C
58.62
21
300 17,586
Low Interest Rates
Banking; Financial Services
59-30
$353
Billion
September
1, 2000
Star- BucksCoffee
SBUX
38.25
52
500
19,125
Brand; Good Same Store Sales
Fast Food
Restaurant;
Beverage
Retail
45-19
$7.2
Billion
September
1, 2000
Harris Corp
HAC
43.75
40
500
21,875
Profit Margins
Water Comp.
49-30
$275
Billion
September
1, 2000
Intel
INTC
75.62
43
250
18,905
Good Play on Tech nology Sector
Semi-Conductors;
Computer Chips
75-32
$506
Billion
September
1, 2000
Tommy
Hilfiger
TOM
10.81
7
2,000
21,620
Battered Retailer;
Comeback
Story
Retail Clothing
41-6
$993
Million
CASH RESERVES = $ 889
($ 100,000 minus total of “Total Cost” Column)
2) THE TRACKING LOG [10 Points]
Name of Stock
Date Checked
Closing Price
Net Change
(+/-)
News/
Evidence
Buy/Sell
Price
# of Shares
Total Value of Stock
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
CASH RESERVES = $___________________
3) THE TRACKING GRAPH [10 Points]
Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week4
WEEK OF THE MONTH (_______________________)
4) THE FINAL REPORT [20 Points]
Name of Stock
Liquidation Date
Liquidation Price
# of Shares
Total Revenue
News/
Evidence
GAIN/LOSS STATEMENT
Name of Stock
Total Revenue
MINUS
Total Cost
= Gain/Loss
TOTAL OUTCOME FOR THE PORTFOLIO:
(Including Cash Reserves & Minus $100 Transaction Costs)
$________________________
5) TYPED BUSINESS LETTER: [20 Points]
You must also write a conclusive statement which summarizes the portfolio’s activities and your final results in a business letter format to the lawyer (me).
Mr. Jeff Harris
380 Old Town Road
East Setauket, NY 11790
6) PORTFOLIO PRESENTATION
[30 Points]
(= ____/100 Points x .3)
EVALUATION FORM
Accurate Information ______/ 20 Points
Visual Aids ______/ 20 Points
Stock Vocabulary/Lingo ______/ 20 Points
History/Reasons ______/ 20 Points
Proper Clothing/Attire ______/ 10 Points
Eye Contact & Vocal Tone ______/ 10 Points
Total ______/100 Points
STOCK MARKET INVESTMENT PROJECT FINAL EVALUATION
INITIAL INVESTMENT STATEMENT ______/10 POINTS
THE TRACKING LOG ______/10 POINTS
THE TRACKING GRAPH ______/10 POINTS
THE FINAL REPORT ______/20 POINTS
(INCLUDING THE GAIN/LOSS STATEMENT)
TYPED BUSINESS LETTER ______/20 POINTS
(PORTFOLIO SUMMARY)
PORTFOLIO PRESENTATION ______/30 POINTS
FINAL GRADE _______/100 POINTS
1) The Initial Investment Statement
[10 Points]
(Must follow this format)
Purchase
Date
Stock Name
Stock Symbol
Share Price
PE Ratio
# of Shares Bought
Total Cost
$$$$
Reason Purchased
Industry
of the
stock
52 Week
High/
Low
Price
Market Cap. of
the
stock CASH RESERVES = $ ______________
($100,000 minus total of “Total Cost” Column)
*** YOU MUST MAKE A COPY OF THIS SHEET AFTER FILLING IT OUT FOR YOUR RECORDS ***
[You will hand one in to Mr. Harris, and keep one for yourself]2) THE TRACKING LOG [10 Points]
Name of Stock
Date Checked
Closing Price
Net Change
(+/-)
News/
Evidence
Buy/Sell
Price
# of Shares
Total Value of Stock
CASH RESERVES = $____________
TOTAL PORTFOLIO VALUE (MINUS $100 PER TRANSACTION) $_________
3)THE TRACKING GRAPH [10 Points]
Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week4
WEEK OF THE MONTH (_______________________)
PORTFOLIO PRESENTATION
EVALUATION FORM
Accurate Information ______/ 20 Points
Visual Aids ______/ 20 Points
(PowerPoint, Poster board, transparencies)
Stock Vocabulary/Lingo ______/ 20 Points
History/Reasons ______/ 20 Points
(Research!)
Proper Clothing/Attire ______/ 10 Points
Eye Contact & Vocal Tone ______/ 10 Points
Total ______/100 Points
(= ____/100 Points x .3)
_______/ [30 Points]
$$DOLLAR VAULE OF PORTFOLIO$$
(INCLUDING CASH RESERVES & MINUS $100 TRANSACTION COSTS)
BUY / SELL TRANSACTION FORM
Student Name _______________________
Date of Transaction
Stock
(Symbol)
Buy/
Sell
(# of Shares)
Price
Overall
Cost
(-$100)
Signature of Lawyer
*** YOU MUST STAPLE A PRINT OUT OF A STOCK QUOTE FOR THE STOCK
YOU ARE SELLING AND THE STOCK YOU ARE BUYING TO THIS FORM
*** MAKE SURE TO SUBTRACT $100 FROM THE TOTAL AFTER SELLING
YOUR STOCK AND ADD $100 TO THE TOTAL AFTER BUYING NEW STOCK
(THESE ARE YOUR “TRANSACTION FEES” or COMMISSION FOR TRADING STOCK)
*** YOU MUST MAKE COPIES OF ALL OF THESE FORMS FOR YOUR RECORDS
***MAKE A COPY OF YOUR PACKET BEFORE HAND IT IN!!!
SO YOU CAN REFERENCE IT IN YOUR PRESENTATION.
*** DO NOT CONFUSE THE STOCK MARKET PACKET WITH THE STOCK MARKET PRESENTATION.
THESE ARE TWO DIFFERENT THINGS.
STOCK MARKET PACKET: 70% OF YOUR GRADE
STOCK MARKET PRESENTATION: 30% OF YOUR GRADE
IF YOU ARE USING POWERPOINT TO COMPLIMENT YOUR PRESENTATION, PLEASE MAKE SURE IT WORKS. IF YOU ARE USING A JUMP DRIVE, PLEASE CONSIDER EMAILING ME AT jharris1@threevillagecsd.org TO ENSURE IT WORKS!
